ChatGPT-5 in Secondary Education: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Student Attitudes, AI Anxiety, and Hallucination-Aware Use

This mixed-methods study examines 109 Greek secondary students' (age 16) attitudes, anxiety, and responses to hallucinated outputs when using ChatGPT-5 in classroom settings across multiple tasks. The research measures cognitive and behavioral attitudes toward AI, AI-related anxiety, and documents students' 'epistemic safeguarding' strategy of restricting AI use to domains where they can verify outputs after encountering hallucinations.

This mixed-methods study examined secondary students'interactions with the generative AI chatbot ChatGPT-5 in a formal classroom setting, focusing on attitudes, anxiety, and responses to hallucinated outputs. Participants were 109 16-year-old students from three Greek high schools who used ChatGPT-5 during an eight-hour intervention in the course"Technology."Students engaged in information seeking, CV generation, document and video summarization, image generation, quiz creation, and age-appropri

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